Which disciplines are encompassed by geodetic sciences?

Geodetic sciences primarily focus on the measurement and representation of the Earth’s geometrical shape, its orientation in space, and the gravitational field. The disciplines encompassed by geodetic sciences include geodesy, which is the science of measuring the Earth’s shape, orientation, and gravity field, and geophysics, which applies principles of physics to study the Earth’s interior and its physical properties.

These disciplines are critical for understanding tectonic movements, creating accurate maps, and ensuring precise positioning, which are essential for navigation, construction, and scientific research. The integration of geodesy and geophysics allows for a comprehensive understanding of various Earth processes and the interplay between geological structures and physical measurements.

In contrast, the other options provide disciplines that are not specifically tied to the core functions of geodetic sciences. Geography and climatology focus more on the study of the Earth's landscapes, environments, and the effects of climate, while engineering and economics pertain to the application of technical principles and financial systems rather than geodetic measurements. Oceanography and biology examine marine environments and life forms, respectively, which do not align closely with the principles of geodesy and geophysics.