What type of data do geodetic sciences primarily concern?

Geodetic sciences primarily focus on understanding the Earth’s geometry, gravity field, and how this information can be used to accurately position locations on the Earth's surface. This field encompasses precise measurements that allow for the mapping and navigation necessary for various applications, including land surveying, GPS technology, and understanding tectonic movements. The emphasis on Earth’s gravity and positioning is essential for creating accurate models of the Earth, which supports various other fields such as environmental science, engineering, and urban planning.

The other options, while they relate to important areas of study, do not reflect the primary concerns of geodetic sciences. Financial and economic data pertain more to the social sciences, urban expansion and demographic data are related to urban planning and sociology, and climate change and environmental data focus on ecological assessments. None of these directly involve the fundamental principles of Earth measurement and spatial positioning that define geodetic sciences.